Rahavard Salamat Journal

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Abstract

Background and Objectives: Scaling and corrosion is one of the most important index in water quality evaluation. The objective of this study was to determine the corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water network in south of Shiraz city, Iran.

Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, this network was divided into 9 sections and, regularly 3 samples from each section were taken. For this study, some important indexes about the corrosion and scaling such as, Langelier, Rayznr, Larson and Puckorius were considered. These indexes were calculated by using some parameters consists of temperature, Calcium hardness, alkalinity, Sulfate, Chloride, total dissolved solids, and pH in 2013.

Results: The results showed that total hardness contents is very high in all of parts of the water distribution network in south of Shiraz city. The calculated results showed that the mean and standard deviation values of LSi, RSi, LS and PSi were equal to -0.46 ± 0.39, 7.4 ± 0.17, 1.3±0.15 and 7.15 ± 0.33, respectively.

Conclusion: The results showed that despite of the most of parameters in the study areas are in suitable status compared to the national standard but according to stability index the water network of south of Shiraz has a variable corrosion ratio from low  to moderate.

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Introduction: Water and electrolytes can maintain thermal balance of the body at encounter to heat. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of different drinks on changes in physiological indexes in laboratory conditions.

Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 13 male students  under  hot and dry Laboratory condition (40 ° C, humidity 30%). People in 3 steps within 2 hours  ate the interferences water, lemonade and lemon juice in the amount of 400 cc at 4 times. . Every 10 minutes, heart rate, oral temperature and skin temperature were measured. At the end of encounter, urine samples were taken to determine the temperature and turbidity, as well as the sweat was calculated.Repeated Measures ANOVA and LSD(Least significant difference) was used to analyze the data.

Results: The results showed that the average temperature of the urine (p=0.155), turbidity of urine (p=0.171), heart rate during activity (p=0.345) and severity sweating (p=0.988) no significant difference but mean heart rate in the third minute from every 10 minutes rest (p=0.04), oral temperature (p=0.007) and skin temperature (p=0.005) were significantly different.

Conclusion: The effect of lemon juice compared to water lemonade and water was major to reduce physiological heat strain.

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Abstract Background& Objective: Today, with increasing population, reducing the per capita amount of water resources and increasing the physio-chemical and microbial contamination of water, water crisis is one of the major global problems .The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of drinking water in the villages covered by Alborz province. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 1395. The statistical population consisted of 69 villages and three large recreational complexes along the Karaj-Callous road in Asmara .The results of this study are based on the statistics from the Laboratory of Water and Wastewater of Alborz Province during the years 1386 to 1394 and performed 342 samples in 1395 according to the WHO standard and microbiological quality assay according to the last edition of the standard book. Results: The results showed that during the ten years studied, 77.51% of the samples lacked chlorine. 54.98% of the samples were healthy, 27.68% of the samples were infected with chlorophyll and 17.34% of the samples were contaminated with warm-blooded calf. The highest total coliform infection in 1391 was 35.24 Percentage and maximum infiltration of thermal energy in 1388 was 23.4%. Conclusion: drinking water in some villages in the province of Alborz is undesirable due to lack of chlorination, and the relevant authorities should take the necessary measures to improve the microbial quality and improve water resources as well as water instructors to inject the optimum amount of chlorine to water resources

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Background and aims:
Established standards show that water should not be corrosive. Corrosive waters dissolve materials of which pipes, junctions, valves of municipal water delivery systems are made from and cause different hygiene, aesthetic, and economical problems in such water delivery systems. In addition, carbonates precipitation tendency of water due to creation of different layers in the pipes reduces pipe diameter and consequently reduces discharge of water in the pipes. Main of this study is investigating Langelier Saturation and Ryznar Indices.
Materials and Methods
For determining the aims of the research 120 samples were obtained monthly in different days. Duration of sampling was about 9 month. By considering standard methods, obtaining of samples was conducted coincidentally at different parts of reservoirs, and distribution network. Analysis of TDS, calcium hardness, alkalinity, temperature, and pH were done for each sample.
Results
Calculation of Langelier Saturation and Ryznar Indices were done by determining the mentioned parameters. Results show that mean and standard deviation of Langelier Saturation Index are 0.32 and 0.31, also mean and standard deviation of Ryznar index are 6.75 and 0.35, respectively.
Conclusion
Results of this study indicates that municipal water of Qorveh city is corrosive and have tendency to precipitation. In order to solve this problem, a complete network of analysis for determining the reasons of this phenomena is suggested.